Climate Change Glossary

Bahasa Indonesia (by Div Perubahan Iklim Men LH)
Source:http://climatechange.menlh.go.id

Aforestrasi
Konversi lahan bukan hutan menjadi lahan hutan melalui kegiatan penanaman (biasa disebut penghijauan) dengan menggunakan jenis tanaman (species) asli (native) atau dari luar (introduce). Menurut Marrakech Accord (2001) kegiatan penghijauan tersebut dilakukan pada kawasan yang 50 tahun sebelumnya bukan merupakan hutan.

Akumulasi
Terkumpulnya suatu zat tertentu menjadi satu kesatuan dalam kurun waktu tertentu.

Atmosfer
Lapisan udara yang menyelimuti planet bumi. Atmosfer terdiri dari nitrogen (79,1%), oksigen (20,9%), karbondioksida (60.03%) dan beberapa gas mulia (argon, helium, xenon, dan lain-lain), ditambah dengan uap air, ammonia, zat-zat organik, ozon, berbagai garam-garaman, dan partikel padat tersuspensi. Atmosfir bumi terdiri dari berbagai lapisan, yaitu berturut-turut dari bawah ke atas adalah troposfer, stratosfer, mesosfer, dan termosfer.


Bahan Bakar Fosil
Bahan bakar yang terbentuk dari fosil-fosil tumbuhan dan hewan di masa lampau. Contonya adalah minyak bumi, gas alam, dan batu bara. BBF tergolong bahan bakar yang tidak terbarukan.

Biogas
Gas yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi mikroorganisme, biasanya dihasilkan dari bahan baku sampah organisk ataupun dari sisa pencernaan (kotoran) mahluk hidup. Unsur utama biogas adalah gas metana.

Biomassa
Total berat kering (dry weigth) satu spesies atau semua spesies mahluk hidup dalam suatu daerah yang diukur pada waktu tertentu. Ada dua jenis biomassa, yaitu biomasa tanaman dan biomassa binatang.

BOE
Barrel Oil Equivalent, 6.000 cubic feet, faktor yang digunakan untuk mengkonversi volume dari hidrokarbon yang diproduksi

CH4
Gas Metana, salah satu dari 6 Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) yang memiliki GWP sekitar 25 kali CO2. Gas ini banyak dihasilkan dari dekomposisi bahan organik secara naaerobik, misalnya sawah, penimbunan sampah organik dan kotoran mahluk hidup.

CO2
Karbondioksida, salah satu dari GRK yang utama dan dijadikan referensi GRK yang lain dalam menentukan Indek GWP-nya =1. GRK ini banyak dihasilkan dari pembakaran BBF, biomassa dan alih guna lahan.

COP
Conference of Parties, konferensi para pihak (negara-negara) penandatangan konvensi PBB, dalam hal ini konvensi perubahan iklim (UNFCCC).


COP/MOP
Conference of Parties Serving as Meeting of Parties, Konvensi para pihak konvensi Perubahan Iklim yang merupakan pertemuan para pihak Protokol.


Deforestasi
Penebangan hutan atau konvensi lahan hutan menjadi lahan tidak berhutan secara permanen

El Nino/ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation)
Peristiwa meningkatnya suhu muka air laut disebelah timur hingga tengah Samudra Pasifik. Peristiwa ini terjadi pada akhir tahun setiap 2-13 tahun sekali dan berlangsung selama 12-18 bulan.

Emisi
Zat yang dilepaskan ke atmosfer yang bersifat sebagai pencemar udara


ET
Emission Trading, mekanisme perdagangan emisi antar negara maju untuk menghasilkan AAU (Assigned Amount Unit), satuan penurunan emisi GRK.

GRK
Gas Rumah Kaca, Adalah gas-gas di atmosfer yang dihasilkan dari berbagai kegiatan manusia. Gas ini berkemampuan untuk menyerap radiasi matahari di atmosfer sehingga menyebabkan suhu di permukaan bumi menjadi lebih hangat.

GWP
Global Warming Potential, index potensi pemanasan global, yaitu index yang menggunakan CO2 sebagai tolok ukur.

Gigaton
109 ton, unit yang sering digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah karbon atau karbondioksida di atmosfer.

Gletser
Lapisan es yang besar yang bergerak di lereng gunung atau daratan karena adanya gaya gravitasi. Gletser biasanya bergerak sangat lambat, dari 10-1000m per tahun.

HFCS
Hidrofluorokarbon, salah satu dari enam GRK yang diperhitungkan dalam pasal 3 Protokol Kyoto.

HPH
Hak Pengusahaan Hutan, Izin yang dikeluarkan untuk kegiatan pengelolaan hutan dengan sistem Tebang Pili Tanaman Indonesia (TPTI) di kawasan hutan-hutan alam produksi selama periode tertentu, umumnya 20 tahun, dan dapat diperbaruhi lagi untuk satu periode selanjutnya, yaitu selama 20 tahun lagi.

HTI
Hutan Tanaman Industri adalah program penanaman lahan hutan tidak produktif dengan tanaman-tanamanan industri seperti kayu jati dan mahoni guna memasok kebutuhan serat kayu (dan kayu pertukangan) untuk pihak industri.


IPCC
Interngovernmental Panel on Climate Change adalah suatu panel ilmiah yang terdiri dari para ilmuwan dari seluruh dunia. Panel ini bertugas untuk mengkaji atau meneliti senua aspek dari masalah perubahan iklim.

INC
Interngovernmental Negotiating Commitee, panitia yang dibentuk PBB untuk melakukan negosiasi dalam rangka mempersiapkan penyusunan Kerangka Kerja Konvensi Perubahan Iklim PBB atu UNFCCC.

JI
Joint Implementation adlah sebuah mekanisme penurunan emisi GRK yang dapat dilakukan oleh antar negara maju untuk menghasilkan ERU (Emission Reduction Unit), suatu penurunan emisi GRK.

Keanekaragaman Hayati (Biological Diversity atau Biodiversity)
Keanekaragaman mahluk hidup dan hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan ekologinya, dimana mahluk hidup tersebut terdapat. Keanekaragaman Hayati mencakup keaneragaman genetik, species dan ekosistem.

LULUCF
Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry adalah kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan dan perubahan tata guna lahan serta kehutanan yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap emisi GRK karena adanya pelepasan dan penyerapan karbon, seperti dalam hal penebangan dan kebakaran hutan

Reforestasi
Umumnya berarti penanaman kembali pada lahan hutan yang rusak. Menurut Marrakech Accord (2001), kegiatan penanaman kembali ini dilakukan pada hutan yang telah rusak sdebelum 31 Desember 1989.

Salinitas
Kemasinan atau kadar garam yang terdapat dalam sebuah larutan.

Simpanan Karbon
Banyaknya kandungan karbon yang ada di pohon pada suatu areal hutan. Asumsinya pohon menyerap dan menyimpan CO2

TSCF
Terra Standart Cubic Feet = 1012 SCF (Standart Cubic Foot)

Vegetasi
Tumbuh-tumbuhan pada suatu area yang terkait sebagai suatu komunitas tetapi tidak secara taksonomi. Atau jumlah tumbuhan yang meliputi wilayah tertentu atau di atas bumi secara menyeluruh.

UNFCCC
United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change adalah Konvensi PBB tentang perbahan iklim yang bertujuan untuk menstabilkan konsentrasi GRK sehingga tidak membahayakan sistem iklim bumi. Konvensi ini sudah diratifikasi oleh Indonesia melalui UU No.6/1994


UNEP
United Nation Environment Programme adalah sebuah badan PBB yang berwenang untuk meningkatkan kepedulian masyarakat dan negara anggota PBB akan masalah-masalah lingkungan.

WMO
World Meteorogical Organization adalah suatu badan organisasi dunia yang bergerak di bidang meteorologi

New nano coating boosts solar efficiency

By Matthew Knight For CNN

LONDON, England (CNN) -- Researchers have developed a new anti-reflective coating that boosts the efficiency of solar panels and allows sunlight to be absorbed from almost any angle.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute researchers say they've made advances in absorption of sunlight.


Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute researchers say they've made advances in absorption of sunlight.

Scientists from the Future Chips Constellation (FCC) at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York have created the coating using nanotechnology -- engineering devices on a molecular scale.

They are hopeful that it can transform the solar energy market in the coming years.

A typical untreated silicon solar cell absorbs just over two thirds of the sunlight it receives. But with the FCC's nanoengineered coating, that figure rises to 96.21 percent.

In their paper: "Realization of a near perfect antireflection coating for silicon solar energy utilization," published in the scientific journal Optics Letters, researchers report that gains in absorption were consistent across the entire spectrum of sunlight -- ultraviolet, visible light, and infrared.

"To get maximum efficiency when converting solar power into electricity, you want a solar panel that can absorb nearly every single photon of light, regardless of the sun's position in the sky," said Rensselaer physics professor Shawn-Yu Lin, and head of the FCC research team. "Our new anti-reflective coating makes this possible."
Don't Miss

* Principal Voices: Data pins polar warming blame on humans
* Principal Voices: 'The Chinese Dust Bowl'
* Principal Voices: From landfill to landscape

Comprising of seven tiny layers, each 50 to 100 nanometers in height, the coating is made of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanorods positioned at an oblique angle.

The FCC team found that stacking the coatings one on top of another enhanced the anti-reflective properties of each layer. Having a series of layers also helps to "bend" the flow of sunlight which assists in capturing light that would otherwise be reflected off.

Lin, an expert in nanostructure photonics and a pioneer in the field of photonic crystals, says that the new coating could be applied to just about any photovoltaic material.

Conventional solar technology has thus far dictated that solar panels be mounted on south-facing roofs, or in locations where the sun source is unrestricted and strong. But this new coating could change all this.

It would also mean that large scale solar farms, like the giant array in Alentejo, Portugal, could increase their output while saving on energy used to track the sun.

"The anti-reflective coating requires multi-layer coatings which are slightly more complex than the typical single-layer ones," Lin told CNN. "However, the thickness of each individual layer does not need to be precise. This makes manufacturing easier."

Lin is currently exploring partnerships and licensing arrangements, and estimates the product could be on the market as soon as the next two to three years.

"The economics of modern day solar cells depends largely on the thickness of the substrate (500 - 1000 micrometers) and the processing cost for making the junctions. Our coating has a thickness of 0.7 to 1 micrometer. The additional cost for incorporating our antireflective coating should not exceed two to four percent of that for existing solar cells," Lin said.

The only downside that Lin and his team have found so far is that the nanorods can be fragile. Future research will focus on protecting them better and investigating the use of a thin porous film to make them more robust.

In response to the paper's publication, Professor Darren Bagnall from the Nanoscale Systems Integration Group at the UK's University of Southampton told CNN, "It's a really impressive surface, and to get down to reflectivity from all angles of 3.5 percent is pretty impressive. But it's really only going to deliver maybe four or five percent more power from the solar cell."

Bagnall is himself trying to nanoengineer surfaces for solar cells by mimicking the surface of moth eyes, which possess excellent antireflective surfaces.

He says that the FCC paper is only talking about the amount of light that's transmitted to the device, not the efficiency of the device itself. "Reflection is a relatively small part of the problem," he said.

Jeremy Leggett, founder of Solar Century, a leading UK solar-energy company, also gave a cautious welcome to the new research.

"I've seen this before from other university research groups and there is a world of difference between nice results in the lab and commercially viable products," Leggett said. "But at some point one of them is going to work."

Leggett believes that the future is already very bright for the solar industry. He says that $150 billion was invested in renewable energy last year, with $28 billion of that going to photovoltaics.

"With the current efficiencies, we are one of the fastest growing markets in the world. Solar is the fastest growing clean technology with existing technology. Any other increases in efficiency are going to be the icing on a very nice cake."

source: www.CNN.com

Millennium Development Goals

In September 2000 Heads of State from all over the world, including the President of Indonesia, gathered at the United Nations Millennium Summit in New York and signed the Millennium Declaration. They thereby reaffirmed the commitment of their nations and the international community to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, a set of measurable objectives for development and poverty eradication.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) essentially embody the international commitments made at the United Nations World Summits and global conferences throughout the 1990s. By signing the Millennium Declaration world leaders pledged to halve the proportion of people suffering from hunger, ensure that all children can complete primary education, eliminate gender disparity at all levels of education, reduce under-five and infant mortality rates by two thirds, and halve the proportion of people without access to improved water sources by 2015.

As a follow-up to the commitments made in the Millennium Summit, each signatory country is expected to prepare a Millennium Development Goals Report. The Government of Indonesia, under the leadership of the national planning agency and with technical support from a UN Task Force, has completed the first MDG Report. It was drafted in Indonesian and later translated into English, reflecting the Government's strong sense of ownership of the report. The preparation process involved active participation of, and extensive consultations among, key ministries responsible for implementing policies and programmes directed towards the realization of the MDGs.

The report represents the Government's initial attempt to take stock of the country's human development situation relating to the MDG targets, measure and analyze progress towards their realization, and identify and review policies and programmes required to meet the targets. With reference to the goal of halving the proportion of people whose income is below the national poverty line between 1990 and 2015, the Report shows that Indonesia is on track towards attaining that goal. However, prospects across provinces are uneven.

Apart from enhancing awareness, understanding and appreciation of the MDGs by the Indonesian public, the report could be used as an advocacy tool by national and local parliaments, CSOs and the media in promoting policies, programmes and resource allocation decisions to realize the MDG targets.

Source:http://www.undp.or.id