MANGROVE MANAGEMENT

MANGROVE MANAGEMENT AS COASTAL AREA PROTECTOR WITH CO-MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS HIERARCY PROCES (AHP) APPROACH

IN PEMALANG REGENCY, CENTRAL JAVA - INDONESIA

Himawan Arif Sutanto¹⁾ dan Indah Susilowati²⁾

¹⁾STIE Bank BPD Jateng, Semarang, Email: himawanmiesp@gmail.com

²⁾FE UNDIP Semarang, Email: indah-susilowati@ro cketmail.com

ABSTRACT

Mangrove as a component of coastal ecosystems that role is quite important, both in maintaining productivity in coastal waters and in maximizing the life of the population in the region. This research is aim to analyse mangrove management in Pemalang regency as the coastal area protector and priority that need to be implemented in good management. The quota sampling used to obtained the number of samples in this research. There are 132 people has participated as the responders consisted of 100 head of household and 32 key-persons. Co-management approach has been applied to determine the sharing of responsibility in mangrove management and Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) applied to determine priority in good management of mangrove.

The results of this study indicated that most of people living at coastal area in Pemalang regency is a fishpond farmer which can affect in decreasing environmental in coastal area if it is not managed in correct. The community involvement of mangrove management still less although has been formed care coastal area group but still relying on project from the Government either National and Local. Execution prospect of co-management in mangrove management of Pemalang regency is fairly good. It is indicated by the existence of fisher groups and the existence support from government and by international NGO such as OISCA (Japan) and Wet Land (Dutch).

There are three main priorities of mangrove management that need to be applied; (1) mangrove replanting to rehabilitate function of mangrove properly; (2) extends mangrove coverage, especially in the coastal area; (3) increase community economics can do activity expansion of fish conducting with conservation effort of mangrove or Silvofishery

Keyword: Co-management, Analysis Hierarchy Process, AHP, Mangrove, Pemalang, Coastal Area, Indonesia

27 Provinces' Environments in Crisis

Of 33 provinces, there are around 27 provinces which are in poor condition.

by

Elin Yunita Kristanti, Aries Setiawan

VIVAnews - The environmental condition in Indonesia is getting worse. According to Communication Deputy for the Environment and Human Empowerment at the Ministry of the Environment, Hendri Bastaman, every year, the environmental condition is degrading.

"Of 33 provinces, there are around 27 provinces which are in poor condition due to, among others, landslide and and flood. We must seek the solution," he said on Wednesday, March 25.

According to Bastaman, several areas have suffered from terrible damage because of, for example, extreme weather change. "The nature could probably still support, but massive exploitation causes disaster," he added.

In February 2009, the overflown Bengawan Solo river flooded four regencies in East Java. The flood claimed the lives of 16 and inundated thousands of homes and buildings.

The damage in upstream areas caused water debit to increase, causing a dam to wrack.

Not only disaster, the environmental damage has also triggered conflict between humans and animals, especially concerning Sumatran tigers. Six people had been killed by the tigers, whereas the big cats were killed by angry mob.

A number of cases on tigers moving out of the forest has been considered as a nature's alert on environmental damage in the forest. The damage can be inflicted by forest exploitation, illegal logging, forest and land burning.

--

Translated by: Ariyantri E. Tarman
source:www.en.vivanews.com

Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Makin Down

Sri Mulyani (Menkeu RI)

JAKARTA - Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani memastikan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia terancam direvisi kembali atau berada di bawah dari target sebelumnya.

"Secara nyata, dampak dari krisis pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia semakin down. Dan ini akibat faktor eksternal," kata Menkeu Sri Mulyani di Gedung Depkeu, Jalan Lapangan Banteng, Jakarta, Senin (16/3/2009).

Namun sayangnya, dia belum mau menyebutkan angkanya, dengan pertimbangan masih ada harapan jika ekonomi Indonesia masih bisa bertahan dari target revisi yang nantinya akan ditetapkan.

Hal tersebut disampaikannya menyinggung tentang dampak bagi Indonesia terhadap prediksi lembaga IMF yang menjelaskan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi dunia kembali mengalami penurunan tajam menjadi minus 0,5 persen sampai minus satu persen dari sebelumnya 0,5-0 persen.

source: www.okezone.com

himawanmiesp@gmail.com

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[Source: KULIAH PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA - Posted by FreeAutoBlogger]

Climate Change in Indonesia

The devastating impact of global warming is already evident in Indonesia and will likely worsen due to further human-induced climate change, warns WWF.

The review from the global conservation organization, Climate Change in Indonesia – Implications for Humans and Nature, highlights that annual rainfall in the world’s fourth most populous nation is already down by 2 to 3 per cent, and the seasons are changing.

The combination of high population density and high levels of biodiversity, together with a staggering 80,000 kilometres of coastline and 17,500 islands, makes Indonesia one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change.


Indonesian deforestation Cleaning forest fire for palm oil plantation (Slash & Burn) Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Indonesia is a significant emitter of greenhouse gases due to deforestation and land-use change. (Credit: Copyright WWF-Canon / Alain Compost)


Shifting weather patterns have made it increasingly difficult for Indonesian farmers to decide when to plant their crops, and erratic droughts and rainfall has led to crop failures. A recent study by a local research institute said that Indonesia had lost 300,000 tonnes of crop production every year between 1992-2000, three times the annual loss in the previous decade.

Climate change in Indonesia means millions of fishermen are also facing harsher weather conditions, while dwindling fish stocks affect their income. Indonesia's 40 million poor, including farmers and fishermen, will be the worst affected due to threats including rising sea levels, prolonged droughts and tropical cyclones, the report said.

“As rainfall decreases during critical times of the year this translates into higher drought risk, consequently a decrease in crop yields, economic instability and drastically more undernourished people,” says Fitrian Ardiansyah, Director of WWF-Indonesia’s Climate and Energy Programme. “This will undo Indonesia’s progress against poverty and food insecurity.”

WWF’s review shows that increased rainfall during already wet times of the year may lead to high flood risk, such as the Jakarta flood of February this year that killed more than 65 people and displaced nearly half a million people, with economic losses of US$450 million.

Climate change impacts are noticeable throughout the Asia-Pacific region. More frequent and severe heat waves, floods, extreme weather events and prolonged droughts will continue to lead to increased injury, illness and death. Continued warming temperatures will also increase the number of malaria and dengue fever cases and lead to an increase in other infectious diseases as a result of poor nutrition due to food production disruption.

“The Indonesian government must take its role seriously and lead the way in the fight against global climate change,” says Mubariq Ahmed, Executive Director and CEO of WWF-Indonesia. “Indonesia has to take up the challenge of climate change, putting climate adaption into the development agenda, promoting sustainable land use, as well as demanding support from industrialized nations.”

Indonesia is already a significant emitter of greenhouse gases due to deforestation and land-use change, estimated at 2 million hectares per year and accounts for 85 per cent of the country’s annual greenhouse gas emissions. It is also a serious coal producer and user in the region.

“The government of Indonesia knows how important action against climate change is for their own country and people, and it has put a lot of work into steering the Bali negotiations,” says Hans Verolme, Director of WWF’s Global Climate Change Programme.

No one can escape from climate change in Indonesia. But the effects will be felt more acutely by the poorest people, who are living in the most marginal areas that are vulnerable to drought, for example, or to floods and landslide. Developed countries are responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions which cause global warming, said United Nations Development Programme’s Country Director Hakan Bjorkman. "The poor walk the earth with very light carbon footprint," Bjorkman said, but "they are set to suffer the most from the actions of a few."

Material sourced from: World Wildlife Fund (2007, December 3). Indonesia At Risk: Climate Change Threatens People And Nature. ScienceDaily.

Reuters (2007, November 28) Indonesia Losing Crops, Fish Stocks to Global Warming, Planet Ark.
http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com

Indonesia at risk: Climate change threatens people and nature

Jakarta, Indonesia – The devastating impact of global warming is already evident in Indonesia and will likely worsen due to further human-induced climate change, warns WWF.

The review from the global conservation organization, Climate Change in Indonesia – Implications for Humans and Nature, highlights that annual rainfall in the world’s fourth most populous nation is already down by 2 to 3 per cent, and the seasons are changing.

The combination of high population density and high levels of biodiversity, together with a staggering 80,000 kilometres of coastline and 17,500 islands, makes Indonesia one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change.

“As rainfall decreases during critical times of the year this translates into higher drought risk, consequently a decrease in crop yields, economic instability and drastically more undernourished people,” says Fitrian Ardiansyah, Director of WWF-Indonesia’s Climate and Energy Programme.

“This will undo Indonesia’s progress against poverty and food insecurity.”

WWF’s review shows that increased rainfall during already wet times of the year may lead to high flood risk, such as the Jakarta flood of February this year that killed more than 65 people and displaced nearly half a million people, with economic losses of US$450 million.

Climate change impacts are noticeable throughout the Asia-Pacific region. More frequent and severe heat waves, floods, extreme weather events and prolonged droughts will continue to lead to increased injury, illness and death. Continued warming temperatures will also increase the number of malaria and dengue fever cases and lead to an increase in other infectious diseases as a result of poor nutrition due to food production disruption.

“The Indonesian government must take its role seriously and lead the way in the fight against global climate change,” says Mubariq Ahmed, Executive Director and CEO of WWF-Indonesia.

“Indonesia has to take up the challenge of climate change, putting climate adaption into the development agenda, promoting sustainable land use, as well as demanding support from industrialized nations.”

Indonesia is already a significant emitter of greenhouse gases due to deforestation and land-use change, estimated at 2 million hectares per year and accounts for 85 per cent of the country’s annual greenhouse gas emissions. It is also a serious coal producer and user in the region.

“The government of Indonesia knows how important action against climate change is for their own country and people, and it has put a lot of work into steering the Bali negotiations,” says Hans Verolme, Director of WWF’s Global Climate Change Programme.

“The UN’s Climate Summit on the island paradise of Bali is no walk on the beach. Ministers from 190 countries must get down to some serious work and agree to drastic cuts in CO2 emissions post-2012.”

Source:http://www.panda.org

For further information:
Brian Thomson, Press Officer
WWF International
Tel: +41 22 364 9562
E-mail: bthomson@wwfint.org

Martin Hiller, Communications Manager
WWF Global Climate Change Programme
Tel: +41 22 364 9019
E-mail: mhiller@wwfint.org

Verena Puspawardani, Communications Manager
WWF-Indonesia
E-mail: vpuspawardani@wwf.or.id

Climate Change Glossary

Bahasa Indonesia (by Div Perubahan Iklim Men LH)
Source:http://climatechange.menlh.go.id

Aforestrasi
Konversi lahan bukan hutan menjadi lahan hutan melalui kegiatan penanaman (biasa disebut penghijauan) dengan menggunakan jenis tanaman (species) asli (native) atau dari luar (introduce). Menurut Marrakech Accord (2001) kegiatan penghijauan tersebut dilakukan pada kawasan yang 50 tahun sebelumnya bukan merupakan hutan.

Akumulasi
Terkumpulnya suatu zat tertentu menjadi satu kesatuan dalam kurun waktu tertentu.

Atmosfer
Lapisan udara yang menyelimuti planet bumi. Atmosfer terdiri dari nitrogen (79,1%), oksigen (20,9%), karbondioksida (60.03%) dan beberapa gas mulia (argon, helium, xenon, dan lain-lain), ditambah dengan uap air, ammonia, zat-zat organik, ozon, berbagai garam-garaman, dan partikel padat tersuspensi. Atmosfir bumi terdiri dari berbagai lapisan, yaitu berturut-turut dari bawah ke atas adalah troposfer, stratosfer, mesosfer, dan termosfer.


Bahan Bakar Fosil
Bahan bakar yang terbentuk dari fosil-fosil tumbuhan dan hewan di masa lampau. Contonya adalah minyak bumi, gas alam, dan batu bara. BBF tergolong bahan bakar yang tidak terbarukan.

Biogas
Gas yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi mikroorganisme, biasanya dihasilkan dari bahan baku sampah organisk ataupun dari sisa pencernaan (kotoran) mahluk hidup. Unsur utama biogas adalah gas metana.

Biomassa
Total berat kering (dry weigth) satu spesies atau semua spesies mahluk hidup dalam suatu daerah yang diukur pada waktu tertentu. Ada dua jenis biomassa, yaitu biomasa tanaman dan biomassa binatang.

BOE
Barrel Oil Equivalent, 6.000 cubic feet, faktor yang digunakan untuk mengkonversi volume dari hidrokarbon yang diproduksi

CH4
Gas Metana, salah satu dari 6 Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) yang memiliki GWP sekitar 25 kali CO2. Gas ini banyak dihasilkan dari dekomposisi bahan organik secara naaerobik, misalnya sawah, penimbunan sampah organik dan kotoran mahluk hidup.

CO2
Karbondioksida, salah satu dari GRK yang utama dan dijadikan referensi GRK yang lain dalam menentukan Indek GWP-nya =1. GRK ini banyak dihasilkan dari pembakaran BBF, biomassa dan alih guna lahan.

COP
Conference of Parties, konferensi para pihak (negara-negara) penandatangan konvensi PBB, dalam hal ini konvensi perubahan iklim (UNFCCC).


COP/MOP
Conference of Parties Serving as Meeting of Parties, Konvensi para pihak konvensi Perubahan Iklim yang merupakan pertemuan para pihak Protokol.


Deforestasi
Penebangan hutan atau konvensi lahan hutan menjadi lahan tidak berhutan secara permanen

El Nino/ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation)
Peristiwa meningkatnya suhu muka air laut disebelah timur hingga tengah Samudra Pasifik. Peristiwa ini terjadi pada akhir tahun setiap 2-13 tahun sekali dan berlangsung selama 12-18 bulan.

Emisi
Zat yang dilepaskan ke atmosfer yang bersifat sebagai pencemar udara


ET
Emission Trading, mekanisme perdagangan emisi antar negara maju untuk menghasilkan AAU (Assigned Amount Unit), satuan penurunan emisi GRK.

GRK
Gas Rumah Kaca, Adalah gas-gas di atmosfer yang dihasilkan dari berbagai kegiatan manusia. Gas ini berkemampuan untuk menyerap radiasi matahari di atmosfer sehingga menyebabkan suhu di permukaan bumi menjadi lebih hangat.

GWP
Global Warming Potential, index potensi pemanasan global, yaitu index yang menggunakan CO2 sebagai tolok ukur.

Gigaton
109 ton, unit yang sering digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah karbon atau karbondioksida di atmosfer.

Gletser
Lapisan es yang besar yang bergerak di lereng gunung atau daratan karena adanya gaya gravitasi. Gletser biasanya bergerak sangat lambat, dari 10-1000m per tahun.

HFCS
Hidrofluorokarbon, salah satu dari enam GRK yang diperhitungkan dalam pasal 3 Protokol Kyoto.

HPH
Hak Pengusahaan Hutan, Izin yang dikeluarkan untuk kegiatan pengelolaan hutan dengan sistem Tebang Pili Tanaman Indonesia (TPTI) di kawasan hutan-hutan alam produksi selama periode tertentu, umumnya 20 tahun, dan dapat diperbaruhi lagi untuk satu periode selanjutnya, yaitu selama 20 tahun lagi.

HTI
Hutan Tanaman Industri adalah program penanaman lahan hutan tidak produktif dengan tanaman-tanamanan industri seperti kayu jati dan mahoni guna memasok kebutuhan serat kayu (dan kayu pertukangan) untuk pihak industri.


IPCC
Interngovernmental Panel on Climate Change adalah suatu panel ilmiah yang terdiri dari para ilmuwan dari seluruh dunia. Panel ini bertugas untuk mengkaji atau meneliti senua aspek dari masalah perubahan iklim.

INC
Interngovernmental Negotiating Commitee, panitia yang dibentuk PBB untuk melakukan negosiasi dalam rangka mempersiapkan penyusunan Kerangka Kerja Konvensi Perubahan Iklim PBB atu UNFCCC.

JI
Joint Implementation adlah sebuah mekanisme penurunan emisi GRK yang dapat dilakukan oleh antar negara maju untuk menghasilkan ERU (Emission Reduction Unit), suatu penurunan emisi GRK.

Keanekaragaman Hayati (Biological Diversity atau Biodiversity)
Keanekaragaman mahluk hidup dan hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan ekologinya, dimana mahluk hidup tersebut terdapat. Keanekaragaman Hayati mencakup keaneragaman genetik, species dan ekosistem.

LULUCF
Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry adalah kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan dan perubahan tata guna lahan serta kehutanan yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap emisi GRK karena adanya pelepasan dan penyerapan karbon, seperti dalam hal penebangan dan kebakaran hutan

Reforestasi
Umumnya berarti penanaman kembali pada lahan hutan yang rusak. Menurut Marrakech Accord (2001), kegiatan penanaman kembali ini dilakukan pada hutan yang telah rusak sdebelum 31 Desember 1989.

Salinitas
Kemasinan atau kadar garam yang terdapat dalam sebuah larutan.

Simpanan Karbon
Banyaknya kandungan karbon yang ada di pohon pada suatu areal hutan. Asumsinya pohon menyerap dan menyimpan CO2

TSCF
Terra Standart Cubic Feet = 1012 SCF (Standart Cubic Foot)

Vegetasi
Tumbuh-tumbuhan pada suatu area yang terkait sebagai suatu komunitas tetapi tidak secara taksonomi. Atau jumlah tumbuhan yang meliputi wilayah tertentu atau di atas bumi secara menyeluruh.

UNFCCC
United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change adalah Konvensi PBB tentang perbahan iklim yang bertujuan untuk menstabilkan konsentrasi GRK sehingga tidak membahayakan sistem iklim bumi. Konvensi ini sudah diratifikasi oleh Indonesia melalui UU No.6/1994


UNEP
United Nation Environment Programme adalah sebuah badan PBB yang berwenang untuk meningkatkan kepedulian masyarakat dan negara anggota PBB akan masalah-masalah lingkungan.

WMO
World Meteorogical Organization adalah suatu badan organisasi dunia yang bergerak di bidang meteorologi